In 1981, two-way catalytic converters were rendered obsolete by "three-way" converters that also reduce oxides of nitrogen ( NO x) however, two-way converters are still used for lean-burn engines. These "two-way" converters combine oxygen with carbon monoxide (CO) and unburned hydrocarbons (C nH n) to produce carbon dioxide (CO 2) and water (H 2O). Environmental Protection Agency's stricter regulation of exhaust emissions, most gasoline-powered vehicles starting with the 1975 model year are equipped with catalytic converters. The first widespread introduction of catalytic converters was in the United States automobile market. Catalytic converters are usually used with internal combustion engines fueled by gasoline or diesel, including lean-burn engines, and sometimes on kerosene heaters and stoves. Simulation of flow inside a catalytic converterĪ catalytic converter is an exhaust emission control device that converts toxic gases and pollutants in exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine into less-toxic pollutants by catalyzing a redox reaction.
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